61. OBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject |
Direct |
Indirect |
Object of Prepositions |
io |
I |
mi |
me |
mi |
to me |
me |
me |
tu |
you (s.i.) |
ti |
you |
ti |
to you |
te |
you |
lui |
he/it |
lo |
him/it |
gli |
to him/it |
lui |
him/it |
lei |
she/it/you (s.p.) |
la |
her/it/you |
le |
to her/it/you |
lei |
her/it/you |
noi |
we |
ci |
us |
ci |
to us |
noi |
us |
voi |
you (p.i.) |
vi |
you |
vi |
to you |
voi |
you |
loro |
they/you (p.p.) |
li/le |
them/you |
loro |
to them/you |
loro |
them/you |
-
S.i. means singular informal, s.p. means singular polite, p.i. means plural informal, and p.p. means plural polite. For you (s.p.) and you (p.p.) they are capitalized to set them apart from the other meaning. (Lei instead of lei and Loro instead of loro.)
-
Direct and indirect pronouns go directly before the conjugated verb OR they are attached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive); except loro, which always follows the verb: Lo voglio comprare. = Voglio comprarlo. I want to buy it.
-
With commands, the pronoun (except loro) is attached to the end and written as one word: Parlatemi! Talk to me!
With one syllable commands, the consonant of the pronoun is doubled before adding it to the end of the command: di' + mi = dimmi! tell me!
However, with negative commands, the pronoun may either be placed at the end as with positive commands, or they can be placed between non and the verb: Non andarci! = Non ci andare! Don't go there!
-
When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct.
-
Mi, ti, ci, and vi change to me, te, ce, and ve before lo, la, li and le.
Also notice the insertion of ce before a pronoun + avere in constructions such as: Ce l'ho. I have it. Non ce le ho. I don't have them.
-
Gli and le become glie before lo, la, li, and le; and are written as one word connected with the other pronoun:glielo, gliela, glieli, gliele
If you use the direct object pronouns lo, la, li, le in the present perfect tense, the past participle must agree with them.
Hai mangiato il panino? |
Did you eat the bun? |
Lo ho mangiato. |
I ate it. |
Hai mangiato la pasta? |
Did you eat the pastry? |
La ho mangiata. |
I ate it. |
In negative sentences, pronouns go before the entire verb as well, but after the non.
I haven't eaten it. |
Non lo ho mangiato. |
The following verbs are always used with indirect pronouns or nouns:
to give |
dare |
to bring |
portare |
to say/tell |
dire |
to prepare |
preparare |
to ask |
domandare |
to give (as a gift) |
regalare |
to lend |
imprestare |
to return, give back |
rendere |
to teach |
insegnare |
to bring back |
riportare |
to send |
mandare |
to answer |
rispondere |
to show |
mostrare |
to write |
scrivere |
to offer |
offrire |
to call/telephone |
telefonare |
62. PARTS OF THE BODY
ankle |
la caviglia |
mouth |
la bocca |
arm |
il braccio |
muscle |
il muscolo |
artery |
l'arteria |
nail |
l'unghia |
back |
il dorso |
neck |
il collo |
beard |
la barba |
nerve |
il nervo |
belly |
il ventre |
pain |
il dolore |
bladder |
la vescica |
nose |
il naso |
blood |
il sangue |
palm |
la palma |
body |
il corpo |
pulse |
il polso |
bone |
l'osso |
rib |
la costola |
brain |
il cervello |
shin / tibia |
la tibia |
breast |
il seno |
shoulder |
la spalla |
breath |
l'alito |
skeleton |
lo scheletro |
calf |
il polpaccio |
skin |
la pelle |
cheek |
la guancia |
skull |
il cranio |
chest |
il petto |
sole |
la pianta |
chin |
il mento |
spine |
la spina dorsale |
coccyx |
il coccige |
stomach |
lo stomaco |
cold |
il raffreddore |
tear |
la lacrima |
complexion |
la carnagione |
temple |
la tempia |
cough |
la tosse |
thigh |
la coscia |
disease |
la malattia |
throat |
la gola |
ear |
l'orecchio |
thumb |
il pollice |
elbow |
il gomito |
toe |
il dito del piede |
eye |
l'occhio |
tongue |
la lingua |
eyebrow |
il sopracciglio |
tooth |
il dente |
eyelid |
la palpebra |
vein |
la vena |
face |
la faccia / il viso |
wound |
la ferita |
fever |
la febbre |
waist |
la vita |
finger |
il dito |
wrist |
il polso |
fist |
il pugno |
|
flesh |
la carne |
see |
vedere |
foot |
il piede |
hear |
udire |
forehead |
la fronte |
smell |
annusare |
gum |
la gengiva |
taste |
assaggiare |
hair |
i capelli |
touch |
toccare |
hand |
la mano |
|
head |
la testa |
enamel |
lo smalto |
headache |
il mal di testa |
filling |
l'otturazione |
health |
la salute |
crown |
la corona |
heart |
il cuore |
gum |
la gengiva |
heel |
il tallone |
bone |
l'osso |
hip |
l'anca |
root |
la radice |
intestine |
l'intestino |
nerve |
il nervo |
jaw |
la mascella |
iris |
l'iride |
kidney |
il rene |
cornea |
la cornea |
knee |
il ginocchio |
pupil |
la pupilla |
leg |
la gamba |
retina |
la retina |
lip |
il labbro |
optic nerve |
il nervo ottico |
liver |
il fegato |
lens |
la lente |
lung |
il polmone |
|
|
moustache |
i baffi |
|
|
You can use the expressions Ho mal di + body part or Mi fa male + definite article and the body part to say that something hurts. If the noun is plural, you have to use mi fanno male instead of mi fa male.
Ho mal di testa. My head hurts. / I have a headache.
Mi fa male il dito. My finger hurts.
Mi fanno male gli occhi. My eyes hurt.
To talk about hair and eyes:
Ha i capelli corti / lunghi. S/he has short / long hair.
Ha i capelli biondi / bruni / neri / rossi. S/he has blond / brown / black / red hair.
Ha gli occhi azzurri / marroni / grigi / verdi. S/he has blue / brown / gray / green eyes.
63. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
Most of the question words are invariable (they don't have to agree with the noun), but quale (which) and quanto (how much/many) must agree. Note that these words do not require a noun to follow them.
Before singular nouns, quale is used, and before plural nouns, quali is used.
Quale camicetta compri? Which blouse are you buying?
Quali maglioni compri? Which pullovers are you buying?
Quali compri? Which ones are you buying?
Quanto has four forms that follow the regular adjective pattern. Quanto is masculine singular, quanta is feminine singular, quanti is masculine plural and quante is feminine plural.
Quanto denaro hai? How much money do you have?
Quante camicette compri? How many blouses are you buying?
Quanto costa? How much does it cost?
64. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative pronouns connect a dependent clause and a main clause together in a sentence. An antecedent is the noun or pronoun that the relative pronoun refers back to. The relative pronouns in English are that, what, which, whom, and whose. The relative pronouns in Italian are che, cui, il quale (and its forms), chi, quello che, quel che, and ciò che.
When the antecedent is a definite person, animal or thing, che, cui or a form of il quale is used. Che is invariable and never used with a preposition. Cui is also invariable, but it is always used with a preposition. Il quale and its forms can be used with articles or articles plus prepositions. It is mainly used in formal speech, writing and for clarity, and rarely in casual conversation.
La ragazza che vedi è mia sorella. The girl whom you see is my sister.
Per le pillole di cui hai bisogno ci vuole la ricetta. The pills (of) which you need require a prescription.
Lei è la sola persona nella quale (or in cui) io abbia fiducia. You are the only person whom I trust.
È una medicina la quale (or che) non fa male allo stomaco. It's medicine that doesn't upset your stomach.
When the antecedent is unknown or indefinite, chi is used when referring to people. It is invariable and means "he/she who," "whoever," "the one who" and takes a verb in the third person singular form. Quello che, quel che, and ciò cheare all invariable and interchangeable. They refer to things only and mean "what" or "that which."
Chi sta bene non va dal dottore. He who feels well doesn't go to the doctor.
Chi trova un amico, trova un tesoro. One who finds a friend, finds a treasure.
Non capisco quello che dice. I don't understand what he's saying.
Ciò che scrivi è sbagliato. What you're writing is wrong.
65. TO READ, TO SAY/TELL, TO GO OUT, TO LAUGH
leggere - to read |
dire - to say/tell |
uscire - to go out |
ridere - to laugh |
leggo |
leggiamo |
dico |
diciamo |
esco |
usciamo |
rido |
ridiamo |
leggi |
leggete |
dici |
dite |
esci |
uscite |
ridi |
ridete |
legge |
leggono |
dice |
dicono |
esce |
escono |
ride |
ridono |
Past participle: letto |
Past participle: detto |
Past participle: uscito |
Past participle: riso |
The verb dire is also used in the expression:
Che ne dici di + infinitive? How about / Do you want to + infinitive?
When uscire is followed by a place, the preposition da plus any contractions must be used, except in the idiom uscire di casa.
Esco dall'università alle 5.30. I leave the university at 5:30.
66. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS
Adjectives
|
masculine singular |
feminine singular |
masculine plural |
feminine plural |
any / some |
alcuno |
alcuna |
alcuni |
alcune |
as much / many |
altrettanto |
altrettanta |
altrettanti |
altrettante |
other |
altro |
altra |
altri |
altre |
some |
certo |
certa |
certi |
certe |
a lot of |
molto |
molta |
molti |
molte |
several |
parecchio |
parecchia |
parecchi |
parecchie |
few |
poco |
poca |
pochi |
poche |
such a / such |
tale |
tale |
tali |
tali |
so much / many |
tanto |
tanta |
tanti |
tante |
too much / many |
troppo |
troppa |
troppi |
troppe |
all |
tutto |
tutta |
tutti |
tutte |
various / several |
vario |
varia |
vari |
varie |
not one / not any |
nessuno |
nessuna |
(no plural form) |
Invariable Adjectives
every |
ogni |
some / a few |
qualche |
whatever / any |
qualsiasi |
whatever / any |
qualunque |
Pronouns
who / whoever |
chi |
whoever / no matter who |
chiunque |
however / no matter how |
comunque |
wherever / no matter where |
dovunque |
whatever / no matter what |
qualunque cosa |
each |
ciascuno / ciascuna |
each |
ognuno / ognuna |
no one / nobody / not any |
nessuno / nessuna |
nothing |
niente |
nothing |
nulla |
something |
qualcosa |
someone |
qualcuno / qualcuna |
one |
uno / una |
the ones |
gli uni |
the others |
gli altri |
67. CI AND NE
Ci (there, it, about it, of it) and ne (some, of them, of it) are both pronouns that go before the verb and they replace prepositional phrases. Ci will replace phrases indicating locations that begin with in, on, to, at, under, etc. and ne will replace phrases that are usually preceded by some or a number and that indicate quantities.
Example Sentences
I live in Paris. |
Vivo a Parigi. |
I live there. |
Ci vivo. |
I have some apples. |
Ho delle mele. |
I have some (of them). |
Ne ho. |
I have five sisters. |
Ho cinque sorelle. |
I have five (of them). |
Ne ho cinque. |
Do you buy books often? |
Compri spesso libri? |
I buy many (of them). |
Ne compro molte. |
Similar to other pronouns, ci and ne go directly before the conjugated verb or they are attached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive).
Ci voglio andare. = Voglio andarci. I want to go there.
Ne posso spendere molti. = Posso spenderne molti. I can spend a lot.
In the perfect tenses, the past participle must agree with the noun that ne refers to, the same way that it must agree with the direct object preceding it:
Quante caramelle hai mangiato? How many candies did you eat?
Ne ho mangiate quattro. I ate four of them.
Other Uses of Ci
The particle ci is also used in the verbs volerci and metterci. Both of these verbs translate to take when referring to how much time is needed to do something. In addition, volerci translates to need, be required when there is no reference to time and it is often used in the impersonal sense (general you or we; is + past participle).
Per fare un tavolo ci vuole il legno. To make a table, you need wood / wood is required.
Ci vogliono fatti e non teorie. We need facts and not theories.
Ci metto 30 minuti per andare al lovoro. It takes me 30 minutes to get to work.
Non ci metti molto a finirlo. It doesn't take me a lot of time to finish it.
68. ANIMALS
animal |
l'animale (m) |
lark |
l'allodola |
ant |
la formica |
lion |
il leone |
antelope |
l'antilope (f) |
lizard |
la lucertola |
antenna |
l'antenna |
lobster (spiny) |
l'aragosta |
antler |
le corna |
louse |
il pidocchio |
badger |
il tasso |
mackerel |
lo sgombro |
bat |
il pipistrello |
mole |
la talpa |
beak |
il becco |
monkey |
la scimmia |
bear |
l'orso |
mosquito |
la zanzara |
bee |
l'ape (f) |
moth |
la falena |
beetle |
lo scarabeo |
mouse |
il topo |
bird |
l'uccello |
mule |
il mulo |
blackbird |
il merlo |
mussel |
la cozza |
bull |
il toro |
nest |
il nido |
butterfly |
la farfalla |
nightingale |
l'usignolo |
calf |
il vitello |
octopus |
il polpo |
carp |
la carpa |
ostrich |
lo struzzo |
cat |
il gatto |
owl |
il gufo |
caterpillar |
il bruco |
ox |
il bue |
cheetah |
il ghepardo |
oyster |
l'ostrica |
chicken |
il pollo |
parrot |
il pappagallo |
chimpanzee |
lo scimpanzé |
partridge |
la pernice |
claw |
l'artiglio |
paw |
la zampa |
cockroach |
lo scarafaggio |
penguin |
il pinguino |
cod |
il merluzzo |
pig |
il porco |
cocoon |
il bozzolo |
pigeon |
il piccione |
cow |
la vacca |
pike |
il luccio |
crab |
il granchio |
pony |
il pony |
crayfish |
il gambero |
rabbit |
il coniglio |
crocodile |
il coccodrillo |
raccoon |
il procione |
crow |
il corvo |
rat |
il ratto / il sorcio |
deer |
il cervo |
rooster |
il gallo |
dog |
il cane |
salmon |
il salmone |
donkey |
l'asino |
scale |
la squama |
dragonfly |
la libellula |
scorpion |
lo scorpione |
duck |
l'anitra |
sea gull |
il gabbiano |
eagle |
l'aquila |
seahorse |
il cavalluccio marino |
eel |
l'anguilla |
seal |
la foca |
egg |
l'uovo |
shark |
lo squalo |
elephant |
l'elefante (m) |
sheep |
la pecora |
feather |
la penna |
shrimp |
il gamberetto / il gambero |
fin |
la pinna |
skin |
la pelle |
fish |
il pesce |
slug |
la lumaca |
flea |
la pulce |
snail |
la chiocciola |
fly |
la mosca |
snake |
il serpente / la biscia |
fox |
la volpe |
sole |
la sogliola |
frog |
il ranocchio |
sparrow |
il passero |
fur |
la pelliccia |
spider |
il ragno |
gill |
la branchia |
squid |
il calamaro |
giraffe |
la giraffa |
squirrel |
la scoiattolo |
goat |
la capra |
starfish |
la stella di mare |
goose |
l'oca |
stork |
la cicogna |
gorilla |
il gorilla |
swallow |
la rondine |
grasshopper |
la cavalletta |
swan |
il cigno |
hamster |
il criceto |
tadpole |
il girino |
hare |
la lepre |
tail |
la coda |
hedgehog |
il riccio |
tiger |
la tigre |
hen |
la gallina |
toad |
il rospo |
heron |
l'airone (m) |
trout |
la trota |
herring |
l'aringa |
tuna |
il tonno |
hoof |
lo zoccolo |
turkey |
il tacchino |
horn |
il corno |
turtle |
la tartaruga |
horse |
il cavallo |
wasp |
la vespa |
hummingbird |
il colibrì |
weasel |
la donnola |
iguana |
l'iguana |
whale |
la balena |
insect |
l'insetto |
wing |
l'ala |
jellyfish |
la medusa |
wolf |
il lupo |
kitten |
il gattino |
worm |
il verme |
ladybug |
la coccinella |
zebra |
la zebra |
lamb |
l'agnello |
|
|
69. PAST PERFECT TENSE (TRAPASSATO PROSSIMO)
The pluperfect or past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of avere or essere (whichever auxiliary verb the main verb takes in the present perfect tense) and a past participle.
L'avevo già notato. I had already noticed it.
Ero andato ad un suo concerto. I had been to one of his concerts.
Non avevo avuto ancora occasione. I hadn't had the opportunity yet.
Erano già stati a San Remo. They had already been to San Remo.
70. SUFFIXES
Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. The final vowel of the word should be dropped before adding the suffixes. The endings -ino, -ina, -ello, -ella, -etta, -etta, -uccio, and -uccia are diminutives that express smallness. The endings -one and -ona are augmentatives and express largeness. The endings -ino and -uccio also express endearment. The endings -aacio, -accia, -astro, -astra, -azzo, and -azza imply ugliness or poor quality.
letter
parcel
boy
|
lettera
pacco
ragazzo
|
small letter
large parcel
bad boy
|
letterina
paccone
ragazzaccio
|
Tesorino mio! My sweetheart!
Amoruccio mio! My sweet love!
71. CONJUNCTIONS
and |
e |
because |
ché |
or |
o |
because, so that |
perché |
otherwise, or |
oppure |
so that, in order that |
affinché |
and yet, still |
eppure |
since |
poiché |
nevertheless |
tuttavia |
as soon as |
siccome |
now |
ora |
given that |
dato che |
but, however |
ma |
if |
se |
but, however |
però |
until |
finché |
neither… nor |
né…né |
up to, until |
fino a |
therefore, then |
dunque |
though |
benché |
in fact |
infatti |
although |
sebbene |
so, therefore |
quindi |
although |
nonostante |
what, that |
che |
although |
quantunque |
when |
quando |
before |
prima que |
while |
mentre |
as soon as |
appena |
72. PASSIVE VOICE
In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive form is only possible with transitive verbs and is much more common in English than in Italian. The passive form consists of the verb essere plus the past participle of the main verb followed by da (by) and its contractions. Essere should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.
Active |
I miei genitori pagano l'affitto. |
My parents pay the rent. |
Passive |
L'affitto è pagato dai miei genitori. |
The rent is paid by my parents. |
I contratti sono firmati dalle ragazze. The contracts are signed by the girls.
La stanza è stata arredata da Carlo. The room was decorated by Carlo.
L'affitto sarà pagato dai miei genitori. The rent will be paid by my parents.
73. IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS
Si can be used as a reflexive pronoun, but it can also be used as an impersonal pronoun. It corresponds to "one, you, we, the people in general, or they" in English and always use the third person form of the verb (either singular or plural depending on the object).
Qui si vende carta da lettere. We sell writing paper here. / Writing paper is sold here.
Si vendono anche matite? Do you also sell pencils?
Qui non si parla francese. We don't speak French here. / French is not spoken here.
→ To avoid si si with reflexive verbs in an impersonal use, use ci si instead:
Ci si diverte molto. One has a lot of fun.
→ To avoid the use of si in impersonal statements, replace it with uno:
Si mangia bene qui. = Uno mangia bene qui. One eats well here.
→ Other impersonal expressions, which are followed by infinitives, include:
Bisogna - it is necessary, one must
È necessario - it is necessary
È possibile -it is possible
È meglio - it is better
È facile / difficile - it is easy / difficult
È utile / inutile - it is useful / useless
74. POST OFFICE AND BANK
post office |
la posta |
bank |
la banca |
mailbox |
la cassetta delle lettere |
file cabinet |
lo schedario |
mail carrier |
il postino |
guard |
il custode |
mailbag |
il sacco della posta |
safe |
la cassaforte |
price |
il prezzo |
safety deposit box |
la cassetta di sicurezza |
scale |
la bilancia |
checkbook |
il libretto degli assegni |
package |
il pacchetto |
credit card |
la carta di credito |
stamp |
il francobollo |
bills |
le banconote |
letter |
la lettera |
coins |
le monete |
address |
l'indirizzo |
deposit slip |
la distinta di versamento |
postal worker |
l'impiegata postale |
pen |
la penna |
newspaper |
il giornale |
check |
l'assegno |
magazine |
la rivista |
bank teller |
il cassiere |
75. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Non ne posso più! |
I can't take it anymore! |
Lasciamo perdere! |
Forget about it! |
Che bello! |
How nice! |
Per forza! |
No wonder! |
Non è così semplice! |
It's not that easy! |
Chissà? |
Who knows? |
Ti pelano! |
They make you pay too much! |
Non vedo l'ora di... |
I can't wait to... |
Siamo messe male. |
We are in bad shape. (not physically) |
Che senso ha? |
What's the point? |
Magari! |
I wish! |
Non ne voglio proprio sapere! |
I really don't want to know about it! |
Fai bene! |
Good for you! |
Non ce la faccio da sola! |
I can't do it by myself! |
Meglio ancora! |
Even better! |
Che ne dici di ... ? |
What about ... ? (when inviting someone to do something) |
Figurati! |
Don't mention it! / No problem! (informal) |
Accidenti (a te)! / Mannaggia! |
Darn (you)! |
Uffa! / Che rabbia! |
What a nuisance! |
Che peccato! |
What a pity! |
Mi va di... |
I feel like... |
Faccia pure! |
Go ahead! |
Te la cavi bene. |
You manage it well. (speaking a language, for example) |
76. INFINITIVES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS
The following verbs require di or a when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English. The preposition a can be changed to ad when the following verb begins with a vowel.
verb + di + infinitive |
verb + a + infinitive |
accettare di |
to accept |
abituarsi a |
to get used to |
aspettare di |
to wait for |
aiutare a |
to help |
avere bisogno di |
to need |
andare a |
to be going to |
avere il piacere di |
to have the pleasure |
cominciare a |
to begin |
avere intenzione di |
to intend |
continuare a |
to continue |
avere paura di |
to be afraid |
convincere a |
to convince |
avere voglia di |
to feel like |
correre a |
to run |
cercare di |
to try |
imparare a |
to learn |
cessare di |
to cease |
insegnare a |
to teach |
chiedere di |
to ask |
invitare a |
to invite |
comandare di |
to command |
mandare a |
to send |
credere di |
to believe |
passare a |
to stop by |
decidere di |
to decide |
pensare a |
to think of |
dimenticare di |
to forget |
preparare a |
to prepare |
dire di |
to say, tell |
provare a |
to try |
domandare di |
to ask |
riuscire a |
to succeed |
finire di |
to finish |
servire a |
to be good for |
offrire di |
to offer |
stare a |
to stay, stand |
pensare di |
to plan |
stare attento a |
to be careful |
permettere di |
to permit |
tornare a |
to return |
promettere di |
to promise |
venire a |
to come |
ricordare di |
to remember |
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sapere di |
to know |
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smettere di |
to stop, cease |
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sognare di |
to dream |
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sperare di |
to hope |
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tentare di |
to try, attempt |
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77. THE BEACH & FARM
beach |
la spiaggia |
barn |
il granaio |
beach ball |
il pallone |
barrel |
il barile |
beach towel |
l'asciugamano |
chicken coop |
il pollaio |
beach umbrella |
l'ombrellone |
corral |
il recinto |
clam |
l'ostrica |
cottage |
il villino |
coconut |
la noce di cocco |
farm |
la fattoria |
fins |
le pinne |
farmhouse |
la cascina |
goggles |
la maschera subacquea |
hay |
il fieno |
hut |
la capanna |
hoe |
la zappa |
island |
l'isola |
lasso |
il laccio |
lifeguard |
il bagnino |
loft |
il fienile |
lighthouse |
il faro |
pitchfork |
il forcone |
lounge chair |
la sedia a sdraio |
rake |
il rastrello |
oar |
il remo |
saddle |
la sella |
ocean liner |
la nave |
shovel |
la pala |
palm tree |
la palma |
silo |
il silo |
picnic |
il picnic |
stable |
la stalla |
pier |
il molo |
stool |
lo sgabello |
rowboat |
la barca a remi |
tractor |
il trattore |
sailboat |
la barca a vela |
windmill |
il mulino a vento |
sand |
la sabbia |
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sand castle |
il castello di sabbia |
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sea gull |
il gabbiano |
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sea lion |
l'otaria |
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sea shell |
la conchiglia |
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seal |
la foca |
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seashore |
il litorale |
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seaweed |
l'alga marina |
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suntan lotion |
la crema abbronzante |
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surfboard |
la tavoletta da surf |
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waterskiing |
lo sci nautico |
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wave |
l'onda |
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78. PROBLEM VERBS
There are four verbs in Italian that correspond to the verb to leave in English:
Lasciare means to leave a person or thing behind.
Partire means to leave, to depart, to go away on a trip.
Uscire means to go out (of a place) or to go out socially.
Andare via means to go away (opposite of to stay.)
There are three verbs that correspond to the verb to tell:
Dire means to tell or say.
Parlare means to speak or talk.
Raccontare means to tell, in the sense of narrating.
79. FARE CAUSATIVE
The verb fare can be followed by an infinitive to express the idea of having someone do something or having something done. If the object is a noun, it follows the infinitive; but if the object is a pronoun, it precedes the verb fare. (Unless the object pronoun is loro, then it always follows the infinitive.) Note that farsi can also be used in a causative construction when one is having something done to oneself.
Abbiamo fatto fare quella sedia. We had that chair made.
Faccio studiare i ragazzi. I make the boys study.
Li faccio studiare. I make them study.
Mi faccio tagliare i capelli. I'm having my hair cut.
When a causative sentence has two objects, the person being made to do something becomes the indirect object. In Italian, the indirect object is introduced by a.
Il maestro fa leggere lo studente. The teacher makes the student read.
Il maestro fa leggere la lettura allo studente. The teacher makes the student read the passage.
To avoid ambiguity with the indirect object, the preposition da instead of a can be used. The sentence Abbiamo fatto mandare il pacco a Maria can mean two things: 1) We had Mary send the package or 2) We had the package sent to Mary. If the first meaning is intended, then da can replace a.
80. OFFICE & SCHOOL SUPPLIES
backpack / small backpack |
lo zaino / lo zainetto |
paper clip |
la graffetta |
binder / folder |
la camicia |
pen |
la penna |
blackboard |
la lavagna |
pencil |
la matita |
book |
il libro |
pencil case |
l'astuccio per le matite |
bookcase |
la libreria |
pencil sharpener |
il temperamatite |
briefcase |
la cartella |
periodical |
la rivista |
cabinet |
l'armadietto |
planner |
l'agenda |
calculator |
la calcolatrice |
ruler |
il righello |
calendar |
il calendario |
scissors |
i forbici |
chair |
la sedia |
sheet of paper |
il foglio di carta |
chalk |
il gessetto |
staple |
il punto metallico |
crayon |
il pastello |
stapler |
la spillatrice / la cucitrice |
date |
la data |
text book |
il libro di testo |
desk |
la scrivania |
typewriter |
la macchina da scrivere |
dictionary |
il dizionario |
computer |
il computer |
drawer |
il cassetto |
laptop |
il portatile / laptop |
envelope |
la busta |
monitor |
il monitor |
eraser |
la gomma |
keyboard |
la tastiera |
exercise book |
il quaderno |
mouse |
il mouse |
globe |
il mappamondo |
printer |
la stampante |
glue |
la colla |
scanner |
lo scanner |
ink |
l'inchiostro |
cable |
il cavo |
lamp |
la lampada |
microphone |
il microfono |
map |
la carta |
disk (floppy) |
il dischetto |
marker |
il pennarello |
document |
il documento |
news |
le notizie |
fax machine |
l'apparecchio |
newspaper |
il giornale |
photocopier |
la fotocopiatrice |
notebook |
il quaderno |
software |
il software |
novel |
il romanzo |
file |
il file / il dossier |
page |
la pagina |
USB key / flashdrive |
il pendrive |
paper |
la carta |
external hard drive |
il hard disk estern |